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What is sawn timber? Sawn timber is lumber that is cut from logs into one-of-a-kind shapes and sizes. Sawn timber is usually cut into varying rectangular widths and lengths, however can also be wedge formed.
What is the difference among hard and soft Timber? Colour: Hardwoods tend to be darker than softwoods, which can be frequently lighter. Hardness: Hardwoods are generally stronger, greater scratch resistant and more difficult wearing. If the timber chips effortlessly with a chisel, it’s maximum likely a softwood. Weight: Because of their advanced density, hardwoods are commonly heavier than softwoods.
What are the three main types of sawn timber? When lumber is cut from logs, it is typically cut in one of three ways: quarter sawn, rift sawn or plain sawn.
What is sawn finish wood? Sawmills will historically plank wooden by way of sawing pieces in a variety of thicknesses from the log and this will come up with a sawn finish. Sawn wood is rough in texture, with splinters and you can get inconsistencies in how flat and everyday the boards are.
Types of Timber
Timber used in the constructing alternate breaks down into 3 foremost categories: hardwood, softwood and CLS – allow’s take a short examine every of those in flip:
- Hardwood
As the name indicates, hardwood is more potent than softwood. It is commonly sourced from deciduous timber with huge leaves that develop slowly, which makes it a extra high priced preference, despite the fact that that is balanced out with the aid of the truth that it’s a long way more durable.
Common forms of hardwood used within the constructing trade encompass:
- Meranti – one of the maximum common of the hardwoods used in the constructing alternate, often used for such things as flooring, doorways and skirting forums
- Ash – any other commonplace hardwood often used in production and furnishings making. Not perfect for out of doors use because it won’t final long whilst in contact with the ground
- European Oak – the ‘king of timber’ isn’t just one of the hardest and maximum long lasting woods around, it’s additionally one of the maximum appealing and is fantastically proof against each fungal assault and shrinkage. Often used for doorways, windows and structural or architectural joinery
- Softwood
Usually sourced from coniferous timber, softwood is lighter and more bendy than hardwood. And as it grows faster, it’s also usually less expensive and extra effortlessly replaced, making it greater environmentally pleasant as an alternative as properly.
Some of the extra not unusual types of softwood encompass:
- Spruce – Sitka spruce is planted in extra UK forests than another tree. It is more durable and has a better resistance to decay than many other softwoods, making it suitable for plenty makes use of in production. Also extensively used for fencing and making pallets
- European Redwood – this is essentially similar to Scots Pine, however is the call given to the imported model as opposed to that which is homegrown. A proper all-round timber often used in both interior and exterior joinery. Also usually used for decking
- Larch – additionally a member of the pine family, larch wood is difficult, durable and water-proof. Often used for outdoors cladding and indoors panelling. It’s also pretty resistant to rot, making it a famous preference to be used in fencing and fence posts
- CLS (Canadian Lumber Standard)
Despite its name, Canadian Lumber Standard (CLS) is not often sourced from Canada. It’s now not a kind of timber in its personal proper, as it’s also made from spruce, fir or pine, but from time to time also cedar or hemlock. It will were kiln-dried, dealt with and planed equipped for use. It’s also free of massive knots round the threshold of the wooden, making it more resistant to fireplace. As lengthy as it has been effectively dealt with, it’s perfect for outside use, and is regularly used for wood frame construction, carcassing and internal stud partitions.
- Oak
- Ash
- Beech
- Maple
- Black cherry
- Sapele
- Mahogany
- Alder
- Black walnut
- Shorea
- Teak
- Walnut
- White oak
- Green ash
- Pine
- Sweet chestnut
- Western red cedar
- Birch
- Elm
- Hickory
- Poplar
- Red Oak
- Sycamore
- Yellow birch
- Iroko
- Araucaria
- Cedar
- Celery-top pine
- Cypress
- Douglas-fir
- European yew
- Fir
- Hemlock
- Huon pine
- Kauri
- Queensland kauri
- Japanese nutmeg-yew
- Larch
- Pine
- Red cedar
- Coast redwood
- Rimu
- Spruce
- Sugi
- White cedar
- Nootka cypress
What is sawn timber used for?
Construction industry uses a large variety of sawn wood that is frequently used as a production in numerous constructing applications. The merchandise variety from scaffolding and solid moulds used for apartment or business homes and civil engineering, to log residence production and wood framing or even boat creation.
Living and joinery. Most of the sawn timber we produced is used to manufacture housing products such as doors, windows and joinery products. Windows, ceilings and floors as well as external cladding are made from wood more and more frequently.
Sawn timber is timber this is cut from logs into distinctive shapes and sizes. Sawn wood is usually cut into various square widths and lengths, but can also be wedge shaped. Common sawn wood merchandise consist of stable wood beams and more square wooden sections.
Log preparation
The first step inside the conversion of logs to timber is the education of the log. The branches and bark are removed from the tree trunks previous to any processing. Removing the bark leaves all the heartwood, and maximum of the sapwood. This manner now takes area in a count of seconds at the woodland ground with specialised equipment.
Where the logs are to be used as poles or piles, some specifications might also name for elimination of the sapwood. This can form the log in order that it’s far flawlessly spherical, has sixteen or extra faces, or is real to the original shape of the tree.
Processing
Logs categorized as ‘noticed logs’ are sent to a saw mill to be processed. Logs are stockpiled below water sprays to save you them from splitting as they unexpectedly dry out.
The logs are then sawn into rectangular shapes inside the ‘green mill’. Here the logs are completely saturated and the saws leave a difficult floor at the timber, as some of the fibres are torn out instead of cut.
If timber is to be seasoned, or dried, then this can takes location subsequent with the removal of much of the moisture from in the wood. Seasoned products are then machined to offer clean or shaped surfaces.
Log breakdown
Logs present handling difficulties due to their cylindrical shape, so the primary steps in a regular saw mill operation involve cutting the logs to provide flat surfaces. There are many extraordinary cutting patterns used to supply wood – the subsequent are examples:
Splits – the first saw cut is through the centre of the log to give splits, every of which has a flat face for registering in further slicing operations. A function of splits is that the pith is constantly on or close to one area of every of the splits. Some timber reduce the use of this sample may have the pith on or close to an aspect.
Cants – the first saw cuts move both side of the corewood in the very centre of the log. The portions which might be left at the out of doors are referred to as wings, and the nearly-rectangular piece from the centre is called a centre cant. A characteristic of the centre cant is that the pith is constantly inside the centre of a huge piece of wooden. This is referred to as ‘boxed heart’. Corewood can cause problems wherein it’s far near one corner or area. This reducing sample allows the corewood to be locked into the centre of a reasonable sized phase.
Green sawn
Once some flat surfaces had been installed by the breakdown noticed, the opposite saws within the green mill can reduce the numerous pieces into marketable wood. Each mill establishes its very own slicing patterns for distinct sized logs, in an try to maximise the number of pieces reduce within the maximum famous sizes.
Sawing patterns
Each cutting sample produces wood with a awesome look and person. Each kind has its blessings and downsides.
Quarter sawn wood
Also called sector slicing, with region sawn wood the boom jewelry are parallel to the short face. The lengthy face of each board is close to a radial face. A big number of boom rings can be seen on this face. Quarter sawing wood is best for hardwood species which are liable to fall apart all through drying.
Quarter swan wooden has the following advantages:
Best grain shows on face
Good wearing floor for floors, fixtures
Radial face preferred for coatings
Lower width shrinkage on drying
Less cupping and warp than different cuts
Can be successfully reconditioned.
The disadvantages of area sawn wooden include:
Slower seasoning
Nailing on face more liable to splitting.
Back sawn timber
Also called again cutting and tangential slicing, back sawing is the maximum common sawing approach used in Australia. Back sawing allows to acquire excessive-grade wood from logs.
Most structural wood and many look products are backsawn. With backsawn wood, the long face of every board is close to a tangential face, and the short face is near a radial face.
Growth jewelry are parallel to the lengthy part and the wide face does not intersect many boom earrings. The boom rings at the wide face appear like very wide apart, and some exciting styles may be visible.
This reduce offers more flexibility in that quite huge forums can be backsawn from the wings of logs. Here the maximum depth can be simply less than the diameter of the log.
Back sawn timber has the subsequent blessings:
Seasons greater swiftly
Good discern on face
Less susceptible to splitting when nailing
Wide sections feasible
Few knots on facet.
The risks of again sawn timber consist of:
Shrink greater throughout width while drying
More possibly to warp and cup
Collapsed wood more difficult to recondition.
Air drying
The basic principle is to stack the timber so that plenty of air can circulate around each piece. The timber is stacked with wide spaces between each piece horizontally, and with strips of wood between each layer ensuring that there is a vertical separation too. Air can then circulate around and through the stack, to slowly remove moisture. In some cases, weights can be placed on top of the stacks to prevent warping of the timber as it dries.
Moisture loss from the side of the wood is at about the correct rate so as not to cause collapse of the cells, but near the ends of the wood, the moisture loss can prove to be too fast. Often the ends are wrapped or painted to slow the moisture loss from the end grain.
While little additional energy needs to be supplied for this type of seasoning, the stacks of timber require a lot of land, represent a potential fire hazard, and the product is not able to be sold for a considerable time.
Air-drying of timber is really a more controlled facilitation of what happens to unseasoned sawn timber, once it is placed into its ‘work’ environment. The amount of drying that can occur is decided by the relative humidity of the drying environment and will often vary within individual boards as well as within the stack itself. The time taken for air-drying is a function of the thickness of the timber.
Air-drying is a slow process, particularly for hardwoods, typically taking 6 to 9 months to reach a moisture content in the range 20% to 25%.
Radial sawn timber
This reduce isn’t always very commonplace, and if required might want unique negotiation with the mill. However, radial sawing has an efficiency that the other cuts cannot advantage, and makes highest first-class use of a log.
Because of the cutting pattern, each piece of radially sawn timber is a wedge shape. It has sapwood on the wider facet and pith or corewood on the factor.
As actual logs aren’t perfectly spherical and not flawlessly right now, every radially sawn board presentations the longitudinal shape of the log.
These info could make for interesting architectural use of the timber. Apart from floors, radial sawn wood is used specifically for external packages which includes cladding, decking, poles, wedges and wood displays.
Radial sawn wood has the following advantages:
Dimensional balance
Less liable to warping, cupping
Less wastage in milling.
The hazards of radial sawn wood include:
Wedge formed pass segment
More hard to detail
More difficult to stack.
Sawn timber will both be available as unseasoned or seasoned:
Unseasoned wooden – is assessed consistent with its moisture content. Any wood with a moisture content > 25% is stated to be unseasoned or ‘green’. However, for practical motives, maximum wood bought as unseasoned has a moisture content material > 15% as opposed to the greater strict definition of unseasoned timber (> 25%).
Seasoned timber -generating pro wood is the process of drying timber to take away the bound moisture contained in walls of the timber cells. Seasoning can be finished in some of ways, however the aim is to remove water at a uniform price through the piece to save you damage to the wooden for the duration of drying (seasoning degrade). Seasoned wood has a moisture content material among 10 and 15%. Timber in this circumstance could be in equilibrium with inner environments in many parts of Australia.
Seasoned wood has a reduced weight, improved electricity and the pass sectional dimensions remain nearly consistent. It is greater strong than unseasoned wooden and is an awful lot less at risk of warping and splitting. It also affords improved gluing and nail-keeping houses and improved joint power.
In higher grades of wood, in particular hardwoods, the process of seasoning can beautify the fundamental feature homes of timber, increasing stiffness, bending electricity and compression energy. Seasoned timber have to be chosen for indoor use where it’s far particularly crucial no longer to have shrinkage related to drying out in provider.
Kiln drying wood
The most not unusual industrial processes for seasoning of wood is kiln-drying. Kiln seasoning hurries up the technique of seasoning by using using external power to force the moisture out.
The wooden is stacked in an awful lot the equal way as it’s miles for air drying, and is located interior a chamber wherein the conditions can be various to provide high-quality seasoning outcomes. Air is circulated across the fee (stacked wooden) and the temperature and humidity may be varied to present choicest drying. Each species has one-of-a-kind mobile traits and therefore requires one-of-a-kind drying schedules. Typically the wooden can be in the kiln for a duration of among two days to 1 week.
Generally, it isn’t always viable to kiln-dry structural timber in thicknesses greater than 45 mm, despite the fact that there are restrained quantities of 70 mm thick kiln-dried softwood members in the market vicinity. All untreated structural pine and a few industrial hardwoods are pro, typically the use of kilns that are frequently heated through sawmill via-products or gasoline.
Kiln-seasoning of softwoods which includes pine may be executed pretty speedy, but seasoning of hardwoods has a tendency to be a far longer procedure, due to the special cell shape of hardwoods.
Timber Terminology
- C16 and C24 timber – softwoods are graded according to their strength; despite the fact that C24 is the more potent, C16 is the more commonly used within the UK.
- Durability – timber is graded from 1 (very long lasting, e.G. Teak) thru to five (no longer durable, e.G. Birch and beech)
- Moisture content material – timber for indoor use will commonly have a moisture content material of between eight% and 14%; wooden for out of doors use can have a moisture content of among 12% and 18%
- Nominal and actual size – even though wood is now sold in metric measurements, it also includes still cited in imperial measurement phrases. So, for instance, a chunk of wooden that was via four inches and that was once referred to as ‘2×4’ continues to be called that (nominal size) but is now nearer 1.Five″ x three.5″ (actual length)
- Rough sawn timber – wood that has been reduce into planks, however which hasn’t been dealt with or kiln-dried
What is the distinction among sawn wood and lumber? Timber is described as a tree or erect wood that has no longer been processed into lumber. On the other hand, lumber is a bit of timber that has been laid down or processed. Several people refer to timber as a bit of bark-included timber. A barkless piece of dry processed wood is referred.
What is the difference among sawn and handled wooden? Sawn timber is wooden that has been cut to the specified dimensions however hasn’t yet been stress dealt with and kiln dried. Pressure-dealt with timber, otherwise known as tanalised timber (because of the Tanalith E wooden preservative that impregnates the wood) provides many blessings, which includes resistance to the elements.
What are the characteristics of sawn wood? Sawn, additionally referred to as sawn finish, without a doubt means the wooden has been cut from the log to a certain period, but now not smoothed or sanded on any of its faces. Having not been handled or machined, it is difficult in texture, often containing splinters. This uncooked milled stock is usually bought in lengths called planks or forums.